Which elements are involved in public participation for NPDES permit decisions?

• A. Only public notice
• B. Only hearings
• C. Public notice, opportunity to comment, and possibly hearings
• D. None of the above

Answer: (C)

Public participation in NPDES permit decisions hinges on informing the public, inviting input, and, when needed, providing a hearing. Agencies must issue a public notice when a permit action is under consideration, which starts the comment period during which any interested person can submit data, concerns, or support. A hearing is not always required, but may be held if there's significant public interest or if requested, giving concerned parties an opportunity to present testimony. The final permit decision must address the comments received. Therefore, including public notice, the opportunity to comment, and possibly hearings best captures how public participation works. The other options miss at least one of these elements.